Al-Franj: the Crusaders in the Levant
Two Mamluk Sultans against the Franks
‘It was the Mamluks from Egypt who succeeded, finally, in driving the Franks from the Holy Land’.
Despite the increasingly successful efforts of the Ayyubid dynasty (564–658 / 1169–1260) to expel the Frankish Crusaders from the Levant, they did not fully achieve this aim. After another 50 years of struggle, it was the Mamluks from Egypt who succeeded, finally, in driving the Franks from the Holy Land and the Syrian coast.
Citadel of Aleppo

Hegira 6th–7th century / AD 12th–13th century
Zangid, Ayyubid and Mamluk
Aleppo, Syria
View of Aleppo Citadel showing the Throne Room which was constructed during the reign of the Ayyubid Sultan al-Zahir Ghazi (d. 613 / 1216)