The Mamluks / The Mamluk System
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‘One of the Mamluk's senior commanders, Baybars, emerged as the first great Mamluk sultan.’
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The Mamluks of the Ayyubid sultan Najm al-Din (637–47 / 1240–9) were trained in and stationed at barracks based at Roda Island on the river Nile. The Arabic word for a large river is al-bahr and this elite corps was, therefore, known as al-Bahriyya. After the death of the sultan one of the senior commanders, Baybars I al-Bunduqdari (r. 658–76 / 1260–77), turned the resulting power-vacuum to the Bahri Mamluks’ advantage and, after expelling the Mongols in 658 / 1260, emerged as the first great Mamluk sultan of an expanding empire. Bahri Mamluks now ruled until 784 / 1382, when they in turn had to yield power to another Mamluk faction, known as al-Burjiyya, named after the tower (al-burj) within the Citadel of Cairo that housed them.
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Name | Dynasty | Details | Justification |
Ayla (Aqaba) | Hegira 1st century / AD mid-7th centuryIslamic, pre-Umayyad | Aqaba, Jordan | The Mamluks built a castle near Ayla to oversee the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea. | Towers of the Citadel of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi: Burg al-Ramla and Burg al-Haddad | Hegira 579 / AD 1184Ayyubid | Cairo, Egypt | The citadel embodied the military and political power of the Mamluk sultan and his empire. | Karak Castle | Hegira 6th–8th century / AD 12th–14th centuryCrusader, Ayyubid–Mamluk | Karak, Jordan | Karak Castle, built by the Franks, grew to resemble a small city in Mamluk times. | Citadel of Qaytbay | Hegira 884 / AD 1479Mamluk | Alexandria, Egypt | This citadel-complex was constructed in order to defend the most important sea port in Egypt: Alexandria. | |