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On fol. 1a, the dedication frontispiece is shown in a square format, surrounded on three sides by an ornamental border. It consists of a curvilinear wavy vine formed of golden arabesques with a serrated outline, and white floral designs on a blue background in-between. Its intersecting parts form a red-coloured pointed oval with a lotus bud motif in the centre. The three-sided format may offer a clue that the dedication image was originally a double-page frontispiece. The painting is based on older models from the Seljuk period, the so-called ‘School of Mosul’ and figurative images on pottery. In this representational image, a ruler is shown enthroned in the centre of the symmetrical composition on a golden ground. He is sitting cross-legged and holds a drinking cup – an aspect of rulership associated with drinking ceremonies – as well as a handkerchief (mandil), the latter belonging to the equipment of a distinguished educated man. Two winged figures hold a ribbon of glory over his head, their wide stance suggesting that they are captured in mid-flight. Beneath them, two groups of three figures each occupy either side of the ruler, sitting on cushions and holding drinking vessels or playing instruments such as a type of flute as well as a lute. Immediately before the ruler is an acrobat in a back arch over a large golden bowl. These accompanying figures of the ruler – dancers, musicians, revellers – reveal the pleasures of refined courtly life. They have round faces with almond-shaped eyes mostly presented in three-quarter view, and they are depicted in a youthful, beardless manner with long black or reddish-brown hair. Their robes, finely decorated with geometric and floral patterns, have so-called tiraz bands on the upper arms, usually bestowed upon high-ranking individuals. The ones on the ruler’s robe show illegible, stylised writing. As a potential dedicatory image, it may pay homage to the sultan who possibly commissioned the manuscript, namely An-Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un, who was in power for the third time from 709 AH / 1309-10 AD to 741 AH / 1340-41 AD.

Fol. 8b shows the second Maqama: Abu Zayd in the library of Basra, depicted in an almost square format before a gold background in the lower half of the page. The painting vividly depicts the moment when the narrator al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri recognises Abu Zayd by his flashes of inspiration and, addressing him, detaches himself from the crowd. However, the background is not compatible with the location of a library where the encounter originally took place, as a flying blue duck, a cypress bending in the wind, and two flanking palmette flowers are present. On the far left, the grey-bearded Abu Zayd in a black dress patterned with yellow arabesque tendrils is standing, pointing to the ground. Opposite him, clad in red and with hands raised vividly, is al-Harith. The large crowd is represented by three men sitting close together, symbolising the various ages and types, and a youthful figure in profile behind them. The others are shown in three-quarter view and clad in elaborately patterned robes with geometric and floral decorations.

On fol. 15b, Abu Zayd and his son are depicted, representing the fourth Maqama in rectangular format before a gold background in the upper half of the page. Al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri relates how he overheard a conversation full of wisdom between Abu Zayd and his son at dawn. Standing, facing each other, are a grey-bearded man and a youth, the former dressed in blue and the latter in light ochre. Their robes are richly decorated and gilded, and the two figures don elaborate turbans. Their hands are raised and their index fingers lifted in conversation. A blue crescent moon above Abu Zayd indicates the early time of day. An exterior landscape is suggested by multiple birds, flying in the sky and perched on the flowery plants, by a grassy ground line and the water. Abu Zayd’s nobility is expressed by a cloth (mandil) in his right hand; it is carved into the gold background but remains incomplete.

In a rectangular format before a gold background in the upper half of the page, fol. 30b shows the judge having Abu Zayd and his son brought back to him in the eighth Maqama. The judge, feeling fooled by the two, lets them come before him again. Abu Zayd confesses who he is, and he is dismissed with good admonitions. The judge, depicted on the left, is clad in red robes underneath a white cloak and sitting cross-legged on the ground, raising his index fingers to the approaching figures. In front of him, in an exaggeratedly submissive bow, Abu Zayd is shown barefoot in a wide sweeping robe, gesturing to the judge in lively conversation. Behind him are his son as well as a bearded man dressed in blue, who can be identified as the narrator al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri. Above Abu Zayd, a knotted curtain with dynamically unfolding golden arabesque tendrils is hanging down as a particularly dominant element of the composition.

Al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri observes Abu Zayd in the tavern (twelfth Maqama) on fol. 42b, in a rectangular format before a gold background in the lower half of the page. Al-Harith joins a travelling party that wants to go from Syria to Iraq. However, they do not have a guide who knows the way. They come across a poorly dressed man who claims that he will guide them safely to their destination. As the man finally leads them through the desert, he recites a long prayer. When they reach their destination, the pious man disappears, having been richly rewarded. But Al-Harith longs for his company, looks for him, and eventually finds him, to his horror, in the tavern. There the guide laughingly recites a wine song and reveals himself to be Abu Zayd. The interior is represented with curtains gathered at the sides and symmetrically distributed bottles and cups on a tray in the centre. The focal point of the painting is a young man sitting in the middle, splendidly dressed in blue and turquoise, holding a wine goblet in his right hand, and grasping the chin of the lute player with his left hand. The female musician is dressed in red and green robes and wears a delicate, transparent veil over a blue cap, which falls over her shoulders and does not cover her face. It is held in place by a long turquoise headband tied at the side. Between the two figures is the head of another youth, and all three have black beauty marks on their faces. On the far left in a black robe patterned with yellow arabesques, shown in profile and in the company of a man dressed in red is Abu Zayd. He holds a wine cup and a white cloth (mandil). On the far right, the head of al-Harith is shown, who listens with disgust to the alleged drinking excesses.

On fol. 48a, the narrator al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri is shown resting with friends in the midday heat and Abu Zayd is depicted begging (14th Maqama), in a rectangular format before a gold background in the upper half of the page. Al-Harith is returning from the pilgrimage and rests with friends in his leather tent when Abu Zayd and his son beg them for food and mount with a persuasive, well-articulated speech. The blue sky is indicated by a segment of a circle at the top; the landscape is reflected by flowery plants in the background. The heads of two camels and a horse with a feeding bag are visible behind the conical tent. Crowding at its entrance are four squatting people: at the front in bright turquoise robes is al-Harith, raising his hand in conversation. On the right, Abu Zayd in a blue robe and his son in a green robe, are approaching.

Fol. 64b depicts the visit of the friends to Abu Zayd (19th Maqama) in a rectangular format before a gold background in the lower half of the page. Abu Zayd proves to be a cheerful host despite his alleged ill state, keeping his visiting friends with him all day and entertaining them lavishly in the evening. On an elaborately carved and decorated wooden bed lies the sick Abu Zayd in a stiff position, his head in profile and wearing a turquoise robe and white turban. At the head of the bed stands his son clad in ochre robes. Behind the bed, in the centre, is al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri, the narrator, in black clothes patterned with elaborate vegetal scrolls in yellow. On the right are two men in red and blue robes. The standing figures gesture vividly; only the red-clad man has his head pitifully inclined. The interior is represented by blue spandrels in the top corners, two halved pointed domes on the sides, and a turquoise-coloured flat dome in the centre, projecting over the edge of the painting.

On fol. 126a, a scene of revelry is depicted in a rectangular format before a gold background on the upper half of the page. The narrator al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri meets a group of people on the way who have loaded wineskins and are preparing to rest. He joins them and realises that among them are very educated people. Suddenly, Abu Zayd arrives at the small gathering and delights them with lively wordplays (36th Maqama). The crowded group of five people hold wine glasses, which they are raising or drinking from. In the centre, Abu Zayd is depicted in a finely patterned turquoise robe, with his head lowered pensively. A youthful figure and a bearded man flank him. On the far left, al-Harith, clad in blue, is drinking from his glass. On the far right is the only standing figure with darker skin and wearing a short black robe patterned with yellow arabesques and a fluttering, white belt cloth. A large bowl with thick green leaves, a wine bottle and two glasses, are depicted in the background above the group of figures. Corner spandrels at the top corners further suggest that the scene is taking place in an interior.



This item has been added to the Database within the Explore Islamic Art Collections project. Information is available in: English.

Name of Object:

Al-Hariri, Maqamat ('Assemblies')

Location:

Vienna, Austria

Holding Museum:

Austrian National Library (ANL)

About Austrian National Library (ANL), Vienna

Date of Object:

734 AH / 1334 AD

Scribe(s):

Abu'l-Fada'il b. Abi Ishaq

Museum Inventory Number:

A.F. 9

Material(s) / Technique(s):

Ink, opaque watercolour and gold on paper. Calligraphic Mamluk naskh script of 13 lines.

Dimensions:

373 x 260 mm (c. 260 x 160mm), ff. II, II*, 195 folios

Period / Dynasty:

Mamluk

Provenance:

Possibly Cairo

Binding:

The classicist brown leather binding has a double-eagle supralibros printed in gold. On fol. 195b, brownish traces reveal the imprint of the original Mamluk leather binding. The binding dates to the first half of the 19th century and was likely produced in Vienna, Austria.

Description:

The Arab poet Al-Hariri of Basra, or Abu Muhammad al-Qasim ibn Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Hariri (d. 516 AH / 1122 AD), wrote the Maqamat al-Hariri (‘Assemblies of Hariri), which is a collection of fifty stories written in the Maqama style of rhymed prose with intervals of poetry. Al-Hariri also extensively utilises Arabic idioms and proverbs. While this style of writing was developed a century earlier, Al-Hariri elevated this genre into a major literary form through this work. In his Maqamat, the anecdotes are told by the roguish wanderer and eloquent trickster Abu Zayd to the narrator, al-Harith b. Hammam al-Basri. This copy was written in calligraphic large Mamluk naskh script by Abu'l-Fada'il b. Abi Ishaq in 734 AH / 1334 AD. The quality of the manuscript, its courtly title page, and large format suggest that it was created in Cairo, then capital of the Mamluk Sultanate and Caliphate. The sultan who possibly commissioned the manuscript and who may be the one depicted on the dedicatory title page is An-Nasir Muhammad b. Qala'un, who was in power for the third time from 709 AH / 1309-10 AD to 741 AH / 1340-41 AD. The manuscript includes seventy paintings, which must have been completed by a group of artists or a workshop. It is likely that multiple pages are no longer extant. The images that are preserved reflect a Mamluk style of painting, including bright colours on a golden background, more monumentalised scenes, and a reduction to essential elements in expression and composition, especially when compared to the Persian-Seljuk style of Baghdad and Mosul book-painting. The figures’ facial features follow the Turkish-Mongolian ideal of beauty that emerged under the Seljuks in Persia. The essential principle of composition throughout the manuscript is the juxtaposition of individual figures with figural groups, whereby means of deliberate contrast or symmetry are employed. These compositions underline the textual structure of the stories. The manuscript probably entered the Austrian National Library between 1820 and 1840.

How Object was obtained:

Unknown but came into the Austrian National Library between 1820 and 1840.

How provenance was established:

On fol. 1a, a note in the margin with incomplete names.

Link to catalogue/digitisation in Holding Institution’s database:

http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC14421947

Selected bibliography:

Duda, Dorothea, Islamische Handschriften II. Persische Handschriften, Die illuminierten Handschriften und Inkunabeln der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, vol. 5, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1992: 20-46.
Grabar, Oleg, The Illustrations of the Maqamat, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Citation of this web page:

Theresa Zischkin "Al-Hariri, Maqamat ('Assemblies')" in Explore Islamic Art Collections. Museum With No Frontiers, 2024. https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;EPM;at;Mus24;27;en

Prepared by: Theresa Zischkin
Copyedited by: Sophie-Anne Mullen

MWNF Working Number: AT4 27

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