Al-Franj: the Crusaders in the Levant
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Two Mamluk Sultans against the Franks
‘Al-Ashraf led the victorious campaign at Acre, signalling the end of the Crusades.’
The two Mamluk sultans that led the greatest number of victorious campaigns against the Crusader States were al-Zahir Baybars (658–76 / 1260–77) and al-Mansur Sayf al-Din Qalawun (678–89 / 1279–90). Following their successes, the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 689–93 / 1290–93) led the victorious campaign at Acre in 690 / 1291, signalling the end of the Crusades.
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Memorial Panel
Hegira 664 / AD 1265 Mamluk
National Museum of Damascus
Damascus, Syria
A wooden panel documenting Baybars' victory against the Mongols in 663 / 1265 at Sis (Kozan) in Turkey.
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