In 1130, the newly crowned King of Sicily, Ruggero II, began to commission courtly art in which Islamic and Byzantine influences were added to the existing Romanic-Norman elements of local art and architecture. This process was compounded by Ruggero II's successful campaigns in the coastal territories of North Africa and the Byzantine Balkan Peninsula, with their consequent forced appropriation of workers. This gave rise to a recognisable form of royal art and architecture that made it possible to identify secular and religious works commissioned by the crown.