The Muslim West
Defence
Castles: defending the land.
Land was defended by castles and ribats, fortresses manned by warrior monks, and which were fortified enclosures surrounding a tower with strong walls. They were placed at strategic locations to provide a good lookout point over the surrounding area. They were used both to garrison the troops who patrolled and protected borders, paths, valleys, ports and mountain passes, and as a place of refuge for the population in times of peril.
Castle

Hegira 354 / AD 965
Umayyad of al-Andalus, Caliphate period
Gormaz, Soria, Spain
Castles and ribats were part of a defensive system based on exchanging signals between the castle and watchtowers.